基于个体大小的后生浮游动物群落结构分析——以广东星湖为例

星湖是一个位于热带北缘的浅水湖泊。于2002年和2003年对该湖的后生浮游动物进行了采样,并以体重作为个体大小变量研究了浮游动物的个体大小组成结构。星湖后生浮游动物的体长范围为50—1300μm,所有优势种的体长均小于1mm。轮虫优势种中,体长最小的是剪形臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫和广布多肢轮虫等,它们的平均体长均小于100μm。前节晶囊轮虫是个体最长的轮虫。枝角类的优势种及次优势种为长额象鼻潘、颈沟基合潘、短尾秀体潘和微型裸腹潘等中小型种类,平均体长介于220．430μm之间。桡足类优势种为台湾温剑水蚤和温中剑水蚤,平均体长介于680～730μm之间,此外,无节幼体和剑水蚤幼体在数量和生物量上也比较高。后生浮游动物的个体体重范围为0．034．70．24μg,绝大部分种类都分布在3个体重等级以上,其中前节晶囊轮虫的分布范围最宽,为0．548～70．24μg。后生浮游动物的种类和数量均是以小个体为主,并且随着体重增大逐渐减少,而生物量则在4．39—8．78μg这一中等个体体重的位置上出现峰值。根据对两个子湖——波海湖和青莲湖2002年和2003年生物量分布的分析与比较,2003年生物量均有所下降,在生物量分布的每个体重等级上轮虫基本上都是第一优势类群,其次是桡足类。星湖后生浮游动物的个体大小范围和出现生物量峰值的位置均小于温带湖泊,其个体大小结构特征与位于赤道附近的热带湖泊相似。除了与营养水平较高有关外,鱼类的下行效应和水温可能是影响该湖后生浮游动物的大小结构而产生与温带湖泊差异的重要因素。因此,进一步研究该湖中浮游动物和鱼类的关系将有助于在热带湖泊中利用生物操纵来改善水质。     

The Concentration and Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Maharlu Lake,SW Iran

In this study, an assessment is made of the environmental impacts of heavy metal concentration and fractionation in bed sediments of the saline Maharlu Lake, SW Iran. Total elemental analysis indicated that sediments were highly enriched in Pb and Cd. Sequential extraction analysis revealed that salt of the lake is probably highly contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Co. Due to the oxidizing conditions of the lake, the organic matter fraction of the elements was not significant. In all sediments, Cd, Pb, Co, Mn, and Zn were strongly associated with exchangeable plus carbonate fractions, with mean percentage of 76.4%, 65.3%, 56%, 40.9%, and 34.3%, respectively. On average, the percentage of Ni associated with the sum of the exchangeable and carbonate fractions was 19.8%. Cr, Fe, and Cu fractionation indicated that these metals are environmentally inert and immobile. Statistical relationships among metal fractions and sediment properties showed that Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, and Mn were mainly from recent anthropogenic sources, while such sources were less important for Cr, Cu, and Fe. The latter metals represented natural geochemical levels.     

抚仙金线鲃人工繁殖与鱼苗培育技术

抚仙金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus tingi)是抚仙湖的特有种。2009年3－4月,有4次繁殖试验取得了成功。先后试验了40尾雌鱼和20尾雄鱼,成功催产19尾雌鱼和15尾雄鱼,分别占雌雄鱼的47.5%和75.0%。获得鱼卵25 547粒,并实施干法受精。有16 810粒受精,平均受精率为65.8%。孵化出鱼苗约6 040尾,平均孵化率为23.6%。经过20日的饲养,仔鱼存活3 056尾,存活率为50.6%。抚仙金线鲃较低的催产率,可能是生殖功能紊乱所致;但也不排除是人工营造的条件离其自然环境需求尚有距离。要使抚仙金线鲃成为鱼康鱼良白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)之后又一当地特色养殖鱼种,突破其人工繁殖瓶颈,培育高品质鱼苗是必由之路。突破其人工繁殖,还可为研究抚仙金线鲃的生活史和保护该物种免于灭绝奠定良好基础。     

Diversity and dynamics of microcystin—Producing cyanobacteria in China's third largest lake, Lake Taihu

Microcystins (MC), the most prevalent group of harmful cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, are primarily produced by strains of cyanobacteria in Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix. Lake Taihu, which is the third largest freshwater lake in China, is a hypertrophic shallow lake in eastern China that has experienced lake-wide cyanobacterial blooms annually during the last few decades. In this study, PCR-DGGE was used to evaluate the diversity of potential MC-producing cyanobacteria and real-time PCR was used to analyze the dynamics of this population based on the presence of the mcy gene in samples collected during a year long study. The results revealed that all MC-producing genotypes detected belonged to the genus Microcystis. In addition, the MC-producing genotype communities were more diverse during the bloom season than the non-bloom season, and the diversity in the late bloom period was lower than the diversity in the early bloom period. Furthermore, the abundance of MC-producing genotypes increased dramatically during the bloom development period, reaching its peak in late summer (September). The results also suggested that the highest mcy gene concentration lagged behind the highest MC concentration, and the potential MC-producing cyanobacterial community shift lagged behind the development of blooms.     

Only the small survive: monitoring long-term changes in the zooplankton community of an Alpine lake after fish introduction

The zooplankton community of Alpine lake Seehornsee (1,779 m a.s.l.) was studied over a period of 13 years. In 1994, a typical high-altitude zooplankton community, consisting of two calanoid copepods (Mixodiaptomus laciniatus, Arctodiaptomus alpinus), one cladoceran (Daphnia rosea), and two rotifers (Keratella quadrata, Synchaeta pectinata) coexisted with infertile charr hybrids, which had been introduced in 1969 and again in 1974. When the aged fish were removed by intensive gill netting, they had fed predominantly on aquatic insects. After a fish-free period of 4 years, 2000 fertile juvenile Alpine charr (Salvelinus umbla) were stocked in 1998 and again in 1999. They preyed on benthic (chydorids, ostracods, cyclopoid copepods, chironomid larvae and pupae) and planktonic prey (diaptomid copepods, Daphnia). Between 2004 and 2006 charr successfully reproduced. Nine years after stocking of fertile charr, the two calanoids had virtually disappeared, and Daphnia rosea had notably declined in abundance. In concordance with the size efficiency hypothesis (Brooks and Dodson 1965), the newly appearing and smaller cladoceran Ceriodaphnia pulchella, together with the two resident, and two emerging species of rotifers (Polyarthra luminosa, Gastropus stylifer) dominated the zooplankton community.     

Net Heterotrophy in Small Danish Lakes: A Widespread Feature Over Gradients in Trophic Status and Land Cover

Nineteen small lakes located in open landscapes or deciduous forests in nutrient-rich calcareous moraines in North Zealand, Denmark, were all net heterotrophic having negative net ecosystem production and predominant CO₂ supersaturation and O₂ undersaturation of lake waters. Forest lakes were poorer in nutrients, phytoplankton, and primary production, but richer in dissolved organic matter and CO₂ than open lakes with more light available. The modeled annual balance between gross primary production and community respiration (GPP/R _COM) averaged 0.60 in forest lakes and 0.76 in open lakes and the ratio increased significantly with phosphorus concentration and phytoplankton biomass but decreased with colored dissolved organic matter. The negative daily rates of ecosystem production resembled estimates of oxygen uptake from the atmosphere to the lakes, whereas estimates of CO₂ emission were 7.2-fold higher. Although CO₂-rich groundwater and anaerobic respiration support greater molar release of CO₂ than uptake of O₂, we suggest CO₂ emission is overestimated. Possible explanations include CO₂ enrichment of the air film above small wind-sheltered lakes. The observed metabolism and gas exchange show that exogenous organic matter is an important supplementary energy source to community respiration in these small lakes and that forest lakes, in addition, experience pronounced light attenuation from trees and dissolved colored organic matter constraining primary production. Kaj Sand-Jensen (KSJ) formulated the original research idea and designed the study. Data analysis (ie. calculations, statistics and figures) was performed by Peter A. Staehr (PAS). The text was for the most part written by KSJ, although with contributions by PAS, especially in describing the applied methods and data analysis.     

IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE ISOLATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL DNA FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES1

DNA isolated from environmental samples often contains enzyme inhibitors disruptive to downstream molecular applications. Most of the existing methods of cyanobacterial DNA isolation do not effectively eliminate these inhibitors from sediment samples or cells collected from freshwater ecosystems. We describe improved methods based on the xanthogenate‐SDS nucleic acid isolation (XS) method of Tillett and Neilan (2000) . Our improved methods provided high‐quality cyanobacterial DNA that could be amplified in PCR and digested with a restriction enzyme. Results were superior to several commercial kits. The DNA yield was also similar to that obtained via the standard XS method. These methods should provide valuable new tools for the expanded application of molecular genetics to limnological and oceanographic research.     

Carbon steady-state model of the planktonic food web of Lake Biwa, Japan

1. A steady‐state model of carbon flows was developed to describe the summer planktonic food web in the surface mixed‐layer of the North Basin in Lake Biwa, Japan. This model synthesised results from numerous studies on the plankton of Lake Biwa. 2. An inverse analysis procedure was used to estimate missing flow values in a manner consistent with known information. Network analysis was applied to characterise emergent properties of the resulting food web. 3. The system strongly relied on flows related to detrital particles. Whereas primary production was mainly by phytoplankton >20 μm, microzooplankton were active and mainly ingested detritus and bacteria. 4. The main emergent property of the system was strong recycling, through either direct ingestion of non‐living material by zooplankton, or ingestion of bacteria after degradation of detritus to release dissolved organic carbon.     

Mechanosensory based orienting behaviors in fluvial and lacustrine populations of mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi)

We compared prey-orienting and rheotactic behaviors in a fluvial (Coweeta Creek) and lacustrine (Lake Michigan) population of mottled sculpin. Blinded sculpin from both populations exhibited unconditioned, mechanosensory based rheotaxis to low velocity flows. Whereas Lake Michigan sculpin generally showed increasing levels of positive rheotaxis to increasing velocities, Coweeta Creek sculpin show varying levels of positive rheotaxis at low to intermediate velocities and often reduced positive rheotaxis or even negative rheotaxis at the highest velocities (12 cm s^-1). Blinded Lake Michigan, but not Coweeta Creek mottled sculpin exhibited an orienting response to a small (3 mm diameter) artificial prey (50 Hz vibrating sphere). In conclusion, the two populations differed in the strength and polarity of the rheotactic response at higher velocities and in their responsiveness to mechanosensory cues from epibenthic prey sources. These behavioral differences have most likely arisen from different learning experiences in different habitats and from the greater importance of visual cues to the Coweeta Creek mottled sculpin and mechanosensory cues to Lake Michigan mottled sculpin in the sensory guidance of orienting behaviors.     

Effects of temperature and sediment properties on benthic CO2 production in an oligotrophic boreal lake

1. Temperature and many other physical and chemical factors affecting CO₂ production in lake sediments vary significantly both seasonally and spatially. The effects of temperature and sediment properties on benthic CO₂ production were studied in in situ and in vitro experiments in the boreal oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. 2. In in situ experiments, temperature of the water overlying the shallow littoral sediment varied seasonally between 0.5 and 15.7 °C, but in deep water (≥20 m) the range was only 1.1–6.6 °C. The same exponential model (r² = 0.70) described the temperature dependence at 1.2, 10 and 20 m depths. At 2.5 and 5 m depths, however, the slopes of the two regression models (r² = 0.94) were identical but the intercept values were different. Sediment properties (wet, dry, mineral and organic mass) varied seasonally and with depth, but they did not explain a significantly larger proportion of variation in the CO₂ output rate than temperature. 3. In in vitro experiments, there was a clear and uniform exponential dependence of CO₂ production on temperature, with a 2.7‐fold increase per 10 °C temperature rise. The temperature response (slope of regression) was always the same, but the basic value of CO₂ production (intercept) varied, indicating that other factors also contributed to the benthic CO₂ output rate. 4. The annual CO₂ production of the sediment in Lake Pääjärvi averaged 62 g CO₂ m^?2, the shallow littoral at 0–3 m depth releasing 114 g CO₂ m^?2 and deep profundal (>15 m) 30 g CO₂ m^?2. On the whole lake basis, the shallow littoral at 0–3 m depth accounted for 53% and the sediment area in contact with the summer epilimnion (down to a depth c. 10 m) 75% of the estimated total annual CO₂ output of the lake sediment, respectively. Of the annual production, 83% was released during the spring and summer. 5. Using the temperature‐CO₂ production equations and climate change scenarios we estimated that climatic warming might increase littoral benthic CO₂ production in summer by nearly 30% from the period 1961–90 to the period 2071–2100.